The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 constituted a watershed moment for European security and triggered a fundamental transformation in Germany’s defence policy. Chancellor Scholz’s announcement of a “Zeitenwende” marked a sharp departure from decades of military restraint, initiating significant investments in the Bundeswehr and a commitment to NATO’s defence spending targets. This research examines how Germany’s strategic culture, traditionally characterised by moderation and ambivalence toward military power, both enabled and constrained this policy shift. Utilising the conceptual lens of strategic culture, the paper analyses the historical and ideational underpinnings that shaped Germany’s approach to crisis management and territorial defence, arguing that the swift pivot post-2022 reflects a return to deeply embedded national traditions rather than a revolutionary change. Ultimately, the study emphasises the enduring influence of strategic culture on Germany’s ability to adapt to shifting security demands in Europe.
About the author:
Leon Holeschovsky is Trainee Manager at Finabel.